CENTRE
FOR DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
WORKING PAPER SERIES
| S.
No. |
AUTHOR(S) |
TITLE |
| 1 |
Kaushik
Basu Arghya Ghosh Tridip Ray |
The
Babu and The Boxwallah : Managerial Incentives and Government Intervention (January,1994). Review of Development Economics, 1997 |
| 2 |
M.N.
Murty Ranjan Ray |
Optimal
Taxation and Resource Transfers in a Federal Nation (February,1994) |
| 3 |
V.
Bhaskar Mushtaq Khan |
Privatization
and Employment : A Study of The Jute Industry in Bangladesh (March,1994). American Economic Review, March 1995, pp. 267-273 |
| 4 |
V.
Bhaskar |
Distributive
Justice and The Control of Global Warming (March,1994) The North, the South and the Environment: V. Bhaskar and Andrew Glyn (Ed.) Earthscan Publication London, February 1995 |
| 5 |
Bishnupriya
Gupta |
The
Great Depression and Brazil's Capital Goods Sector: A Re-examination (April,1994). Revista Brasileria de Economia 1997 |
| 6 |
Kaushik
Basu |
Where
There Is No Economist: Some Institutional and Legal Prerequisites of Economic Reform in India(May,1994) |
| 7 |
Partha
Sen |
An
Example of Welfare Reducing Tariff Under Monopolistic Competition (May,1994), Reveiw of International Economics, (forthcoming) |
| 8 |
Partha
Sen |
Environmental
Policies and North-South Trade : A Selected Survey of the Issues (May,1994) |
| 9 |
Partha
Sen Arghya Ghosh Abheek Barman |
The
Possibility of Welfare Gains with Capital Inflows in A Small Tariff-Ridden Economy (June,1994) |
| 10 |
V.
Bhaskar |
Sustaining
Inter-Generational Altruism when Social Memory is Bounded (June,1994) |
| 11 |
V.
Bhaskar |
Repeated
Games with Almost Perfect Monitoring by Privately Observed Signals (June,1994) |
| 12 |
S.
Nandeibam |
Coalitional
Power Structure in Stochastic Social Choice Functions with An Unrestricted
Preference Domain (June,1994). Journal of Economic Theory (Vol. 68 No.
1, January 1996, pp. 212-233 |
| 13 |
Kaushik
Basu |
The
Axiomatic Structure of Knowledge And Perception (July,1994) |
| 14 |
Kaushik
Basu |
Bargaining
with Set-Valued Disagreement (July,1994). Social Choice and Welfare, 1996, (Vol. 13, pp. 61-74) |
| 15 |
S.
Nandeibam |
A
Note on Randomized Social Choice and Random Dictatorships (July,1994).
Journal of Economic Theory, Vol. 66, No. 2, August 1995, pp. 581-589 |
| 16 |
Mrinal
Datta Chaudhuri |
Labour
Markets As Social Institutions in India (July,1994) |
| 17 |
S.
Nandeibam |
Moral
Hazard in a Principal-Agent(s) Team (July,1994) Economic Design Vol. 1, 1995, pp. 227-250 |
| 18 |
D.
Jayaraj S. Subramanian |
Caste
Discrimination in the Distribution of Consumption Expenditure in India: Theory and Evidence (August,1994) |
| 19 |
K.
Ghosh Dastidar |
Debt
Financing with Limited Liability and Quantity Competition (August, 1994) |
| 20 |
Kaushik
Basu |
Industrial
Organization Theory and Developing Economies (August,1994). Indian Industry:
Policies and Performance, D. Mookherjee (ed.), Oxford University Press,
1995 |
| 21 |
Partha
Sen |
Immiserizing
Growth in a Model of Trade with Monopolisitic Competition (August, 1994).
The Review of International Economics, (forthcoming) |
| 22 |
K.
Ghosh Dastidar |
Comparing
Cournot and Bertrand in a Homogeneous Product Market (September, 1994) |
| 23 |
K.
Sundaram S.D. Tendulkar |
On
Measuring Shelter Deprivation in India(September, 1994) |
| 24 |
Sunil
Kanwar |
Are
Production Risk and Labour Market Risk Covariant? (October, 1994) |
| 25 |
Partha
Sen |
Welfare-Improving
Debt Policy Under Monopolistic Competition (November, 1994) |
| 26 |
Ranjan
Ray |
The
Reform and Design of Commodity Taxes in the presence of Tax Evasion with Illustrative Evidence from India (December, 1994) |
| 27 |
Wietze
Lise |
Preservation
of the Commons by Pooling Resources, Modelled as a Repeated Game (January, 1995) |
| 28 |
Jean
Drèze Anne-C. Guio Mamta Murthi |
Demographic
Outcomes, Economic Development and Women's Agency (May, 1995). Population
and Development Review, December, 1995 |
| 29 |
Jean
Drèze Jackie Loh |
Literacy
in India and China (May, 1995). Economic and Political Weekly, 1995 |
| 30 |
Partha
Sen |
Fiscal
Policy in a Dynamic Open-Economy New-Keynesian Model (June, 1995) |
| 31 |
S.J.
Turnovsky Partha Sen |
Investment
in a Two-Sector Dependent Economy (June, 1995). The Journal of Japanese and International Economics, Vol. 9, No. 1, March 1995 |
| 32 |
K.
Krishnamurty V. Pandit |
India's
Trade Flows: Alternative Policy Scenarios: 1995-2000 (June, 1995), Indian
Economic Review, Vol. 31, No. 1, 1996 |
| 33 |
Jean
Drèze P.V. Srinivasan |
Widowhood
and Poverty in Rural India: Some Inferences from Household Survey Data (July, 1995). Journal of Development Economics, 1997 |
| 34 |
Ajit
Mishra |
Hierarchies,
Incentives and Collusion in a Model of Enforcement (January, 1996) |
| 35 |
Sunil
Kanwar |
Does
the Dog wag the Tail or the Tail the Dog? Cointegration of Indian Agriculture with Non-Agriculture (February, 1996) |
| 36 |
Jean
Drèze P.V. Srinivasan |
Poverty
in India: Regional Estimates, 1987-8(February, 1996) |
| 37 |
Sunil
Kanwar |
The
Demand for Labour in Risky Agriculture(April, 1996) |
| 38 |
Partha
Sen |
Dynamic
Efficiency in a Two-Sector Overlapping Generations Model (May, 1996) |
| 39 |
Partha
Sen |
Asset
Bubbles in a Monopolistic Competitive Macro Model (June, 1996) |
| 40 |
Pami
Dua Stephen M. Miller David J. Smyth |
Using
Leading Indicators to Forecast US Home Sales in a Bayesian VAR Framework
(October, 1996) |
| 41 |
Pami
Dua David J. Smyth |
The
Determinants of Consumers' Perceptions of Buying Conditions for Houses
(November, 1996) |
| 42 |
Aditya
Bhattacharjea |
Optimal
Taxation of a Foreign Monopolist with Unknown Costs (January, 1997) |
| 43 |
Mrinal
Datta Chaudhuri |
Legacies
of the Independence Movement to the Political Economy of Independent India
(April, 1997) |
| 44 |
Suresh
D. Tendulkar T. A. Bhavani |
Policy
on Modern Small Scale Industries: A Case of Government Failure (May, 1997) |
| 45 |
Partha
Sen |
Terms
of Trade and Welfare for a Developing Economy with an Imperfectly Competitive
Sector (May, 1997) |
| 46 |
Partha
Sen |
Tariffs
and Welfare in an Imperfectly Competitive Overlapping Generations Model
(June, 1997) |
| 47 |
Pami
Dua Roy Batchelor |
Consumer
Confidence and the Probability of Recession: A Markov Switching Model
(July, 1997) |
| 48 |
V.
Pandit B. Mukherji |
Prices,
Profits and Resource Mobilisation in a Capacity Constrained Mixed Economy
(August, 1997) |
| 49 |
Ashwini
Deshpande |
Loan
Pushing and Triadic Relations (September, 1997) |
| 50 |
Rinki
Sarkar |
Depicting
the Cost Structure of an Urban Bus Transit Firm (September, 1997) |
| 51 |
Sudhir
A. Shah |
Existence
and Optimality of Mediation Schemes for Games with Communication (November,
1997) |
| 52 |
V.
Pandit |
A
Note on Data Relating to Prices in India(November, 1997) |
| 53 |
Rinki
Sarkar |
Cost
Function Analysis for Transportation Modes: A Survey of Selective Literature
(December, 1997) |
| 54 |
Rinki
Sarkar |
Economic
Characteristics of the Urban Bus Transit Industry: A Comparative Analysis
of Three Regulated Metropolitan Bus Corporations in India (February, 1998) |
| 55 |
Aditya
Bhattacharjea |
Was
Alexander Hamilton Right? Limit-pricing Foreign Monopoly and Infant-industry
Protection (February, 1998) |
| 56 |
Bishwanath
Goldar Badal Mukherji |
Pollution
Abatement Cost Function: Methodological and Estimation Issues (March,
1998) |
| 57 |
Smita
Misra |
Economies
of Scale in Water Pollution Abatement: A Case of Small-Scale Factories
in an Industrial Estate in India (April, 1998) |
| 58 |
T.A.
Bhavani Suresh D. Tendulkar |
Determinants
of Firm-level Export Performance: A Case Study of Indian Textile Garments
and Apparel Industry (May, 1998) |
| 59 |
Partha
Sen |
Non-Uniqueness
In The First Generation Balance of Payments Crisis Models (December, 1998) |
| 60 |
Ranjan
Ray J.V. Meenakshi |
State-Level
Food Demand in India: Some Evidence on Rank-Three Demand Systems (December,
1998) |
| 61 |
Brinda
Viswanathan |
Structural
Breaks in Consumption Patterns: India, 1952-1991 (December, 1998) |
| 62 |
Pami
Dua Aneesa I. Rashid |
Foreign
Direct Investment and Economic Activity in India (March, 1999) |
| 63 |
Pami
Dua Tapas Mishra |
Presence
of Persistence in Industrial Production: The Case of India (April, 1999) |
| 64 |
Sumit
Joshi Sanjeev Goyal |
Collaboration
and Competition in Networks (May, 1999) |
| 65 |
Abhijit
Banerji |
Sequencing
Strategically: Wage Negotiations Under Oligopoly (May, 1999) |
| 66 |
Jean
Dreze Reetika Khera |
Crime,
Gender and Society in India: Some Clues from Homicide Data (June, 1999) |
| 67 |
Sumit
Joshi |
The
Stochastic Turnpike Property without Uniformity in Convex Aggregate Growth
Models (June, 1999) |
| 68 |
J.V.
Meenakshi Ranjan Ray |
Impact
of Household Size, Family Composition and Socio Economic Characteristics
on Poverty in Rural India (July, 1999) |
| 69 |
Jean
Dreze Geeta Gandhi-Kingdon |
School
Participation in Rural India (September, 1999) |
| 70 |
Mausumi
Das |
Optimal
Growth with Variable Rate of Time Preference(December, 1999) |
| 71 |
Chander
Kant |
Local
Ownership Requirements and Total Tax Collections (January, 2000) |
| 72 |
K.N.
Murty |
Effects
of Changes in Household Size, Consumer Taste & Preferences on Demand
Pattern in India (January, 2000) |
| 73 |
Pami
Dua Anirvan Banerji |
An
Index of Coincident Economic Indicators for the Indian Economy (January,
200 |
| 74 |
V.
Pandit |
Macroeconometric
Policy Modeling for India: A Review of Some Analytical Issues (February,
2000) |
| 75 |
A.
Banerji |
Selling
Jointly Owned Assets via Bilateral Bargaining Procedures (March, 2000) |
| 76 |
Jean
Dreze Mamta Murthi |
Fertility,
Education and Development: Further Evidence from India (March, 2000) |
| 77 |
Aman
Ullah Tae-Hwy Lee |
Nonparametric
Bootstrap Tests for Neglected Nonlinearity in Time Series Regression Models
(March, 2000) |
| 78 |
Aman
Ullah Kusum Mundra |
Semiparametric
Panel Data Estimation: An Application to Immigrants Homelink Effect on
U.S. Producer Trade Flows (March, 2000) |
| 79 |
Ashok
Guha |
Why
Do Firms Exist? (March, 2000) |
| 80 |
Sunil
Kanwar |
Seasonality
and Wage-responsiveness in nonclearing labour markets: Evidence from Indian
agriculture (April, 2000) |
| 81 |
T.A.
Bhavani Suresh D. Tendulkar |
Determinants
of Firm-level Export Performance: A Case Study of Indian Textile Garments
and Apparel Industry (May, 2000) |
| 82 |
Jaivir
Singh |
Judicial
Intervention in the Contract of Employment: Some Reflections on Labour
Adjudication in India (May, 2000) |
| 83 |
Aditya
Bhattacharjea |
Foreign
Entry and Domestic Welfare: Can "Market Discipline" Be Excessive?
(July, 2000) |
| 84 |
Sudhir
A. Shah |
Optimal
Pollution Regulation in a Dynamic Stochastic Model (July, 2000) |
| 85 |
Shreekant
Gupta |
Incentive
Based Approaches for Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emmission : Issues And
Prospects for India (Revised Version: 13 May 2002) |
| 86 |
Renuka
Pillai |
An
Analysis of Padddy Productive Growth in West Bangal and Orrisa. (August,
2000) |
| 87 |
David
Coady Jean Dreze |
Commodity
Taxation and Social Welfare : The Generalised Ramsey Rule ( September
2000) |
| 88 |
Sudhir
A. Shah |
An
Economic Theory of Emission Cap Determination By an International Agreement
( December 2000) |
| 89 |
K.
Sundaram |
The
Employment-Unemployment Situation in India in the Nineteen Nineties: Some
Results from the NSS 55th Round Survey (July 1999-June 2000), (February
2001) |
| 90 |
Pami
Dua Anirvan Banerji |
A
Leading Index for the Indian Economy (March 2001) |
| 91 |
A.
Banerji J.V. Meenakshi |
Competition
and Collusion in Grain Markets: Basmati Auctions in North India (May 2001) |
| 92 |
Pami
Dua B.L. Pandit |
Interest
Rate Determination in India: The Role of Domestic and External Factors
(June 2001) |
| 93 |
K.
Narayanan |
Technology
Acquisition and Growth of Firms Under Changing Policy Regimes: A Study
of the Indian Automobile Sector (June 2001) |
| 94 |
J.V.
Meenakshi A. Banerji |
The
Unsupportable Support Price: The Government in Paddy Auctions of Northern
India (July 2001) |
| 95 |
K.
Sundaram |
Employment
and Poverty in India in the Nineteen Nineties: Further Results from NSS
55th Round Employment-Unemployment Survey, 1999-2000 (July 2001) |
| 96 |
Aditya
Bhattacharjea |
Import
Quotas, Export Promotion and Intra-Industry Trade (August 2001) |
| 97 |
Ram
Singh |
Effects
of Courts' Errors on Efficiency of Liability Rules: When Individuals are
Imperfectly Informed (September 2001) |
| 98 |
V.
Pandit |
Structural
Modelling Under Challenge (November 2001) |
| 99 |
Ram
Singh |
Efficient
Liability Rules When Courts make Errors in Estimation of the Harm: Complete
Characterization (November 2001) |
| 100 |
V.
Pandit |
Sustainable
Economic Growth for India: An Exercise in Macroeconomic Scenario Building
(May 2002) |
| 101 |
Mausumi
Das |
Persistent
Inequality: An Explanation Based on Limited Parental Altruism (June 2002) |
| 102 |
Ram
Singh |
Causation,
Economic Efficiency and the Law of Torts (June 2002) |
| 103 |
Usha
Jayachandran |
Socio-Economic
Determinants of School Attendance in India (June 2002) |
| 104 |
Banerji J.V. Meenakshi |
Buyer
Collusion and Efficiency of Government in Wheat Markets in Northern India:
An Asymmetric Structural Auctions Analysis (July 2002) |
| 105 |
Samiran
Chakraborty |
Aspects
of Financial Reforms In the Presence of Product Market Imperfection (July
2002) |
| 106 |
Deepika
Goel |
Impact
of Infrastructure on Productivity: Case of Indian Registered Manufacturing
(July 2002) |
| 107 |
Angus
Deaton Jean Dreze |
Poverty
and Inequality in India: A Reexamination (August 2002) |
| 108 |
Sunil
Kanwar |
Does
Intellectual Property Lead to Intellectual Property Protection? (October
2002) |
| 109 |
Surajit
Deb |
The
Debate on Agriculture-Industry Terms of Trade in India (November 2002) |
| 110 |
Ram
Singh |
Characterization
of Efficient Product Liability Rules: When Consumers are Imperfectly Informed
(December 2002) |
| 111 |
Shreekant
Gupta |
Environmental
Benefits and Cost Savings Through Market-Based Instruments: An Application
Using State-Level Data from India (December 2002) |
| 112 |
Surajit
Deb |
Terms
of Trade in a Multi-Sectoral Framework: Analysis for All - India and States
(December 2002) |
| 113 |
Sudhir
A. Shah |
Optimal
Management of Durable Pollution (January 2003) |
| 114 |
Anirvan
Banerji Pami Dua Stephen M. Miller |
Performance
Evaluation of the New Connecticut Leading Employment Index Using Lead
Profiles and BVAR Models (February 2003) |
| 115 |
Surajit
Deb |
Terms
of Trade and Supply Response of Indian Agriculture: Analysis in Cointegration
Framework (March 2003) |
| 116 |
Shreekant
Gupta Bishwanath Goldar |
Do
Stock Markets Penalise Environment-Unfriendly Behaviour? Evidence from
India (March 2003) |
| 117 |
Shreekant
Gupta |
Implementing
Kyoto-type Flexibility Mechanisms for India: Issues and Prospects (April
2003) |
| 118 |
K.
Sundaram Suresh D. Tendulkar |
Poverty
Among Social and Economic GroupsIn India in the Nineteen Nineties (September
2003) |
| 119 |
Shankha
Chakraborty Mausumi Das |
Mortality,
Human Capital and Persistent Inequality (October 2003) |
| 120 |
Aditya
Bhattacharjea |
Export
Cartels: A Developing Country Perspective (January 2004) |
| 121 |
Ananya
Ghosh Dastidar |
Structural
Change and Income Distribution in Developing Economies: Evidence from
a Group of Asian and Latin American Countries (February 2004) |
| 122 |
Bhaskar
Dutta Sayantan Ghosal Debraj Ray |
Farsighted
Network Formation (March 2004) |
| 123 |
Indranil
Dutta Ajit Mishra |
Corruption
and Competition in the Presence of Inequality and Market Imperfections
(March 2004) |
| 124 |
A.
Banerji Bhaskar Dutta |
Networks,
Network Externalities and Market Segmentation (April 2004) |
| 125 |
Sudhir
A. Shah |
Allocations
and Manipulation in Kyoto Type Protocols (April 2004) |
| 126 |
Aditya
Bhattacharjea |
IMPERIAL
LEGACY The Persistence of Colonial Trade Patterns (August 2004) |
| 127 |
Pami
Dua |
Analysis
of Consumers’ Perceptions of Buying Conditions for Houses (August
2004) |
| 128 |
K.
Sundaram Suresh D. Tendulkar |
The
Poor in the Indian Labour Force in the 1990s (September 2004) |
| 129 |
A.
Banerji J. V. Meenakshi |
Millers,
Commission Agents and Collusion in Grain Auction Markets: Evidence from
Basmati Auctions in North India (September 2004) |
| 130 |
Satish
k. Jain Rajendra P. Kundu |
Economic
Efficiency, Distributive Justice and Liability Rules (October 2004) |
| 131 |
K.
Sundaram |
Growth
of Work Opportunities In India: 1983 – 1999-2000 (October 2004) |
| 132 |
Sunil
Kanwar |
Price
Incentives, Nonprice factors, and Crop Supply Response: The Indian Cash
Crops (November 2004) |
| 133 |
Sunil
Kanwar |
Relative
Profitability, Supply Shifters and Dynamic Output Response: The Indian
Foodgrains (November 2004) |
| 134 |
Urvashi
Narain Shreekant Gupta Klaas Van ’T Veld |
Poverty
and the Environment: Exploring the Relationship between Household Incomes,
Private Assets, and Natural Assets (April 2005) |
| 135 |
Partha
Sen |
Perfect
Competition and the Keynesian Cross: Revisiting Tobin (May 2005) |
| 136 |
Pami
Dua Lokendra Kumawat |
Modelling
and Forcasting Seasonality in Indian Macroeconomic Times Series |
| 137 |
Partha
Sen |
Debt
Policy in a Competitive Two Sector Overlapping Generations Model |
| 138 |
Emily
T. Cremers Partha Sen |
Transfer
and the Terms of Trade in an Overlapping Generation Model |
| 139 |
Ramsingh |
Comparative
Causation: A Re- examination |
| 140 |
Arti
Grover |
Outsourcing
Versus Foreign Direct Investment:A Welfare Analysis |
| 141 |
Aditya
Bhattacharjea |
Labour
Market Regulation and Industrial Performance in India, A Critical Review
of the Empirical Evidence |
| 142 |
Sunil
Kanwar |
Innovation
and Intellectual Property Rights |
| 143 |
Sudhir
A. Shah |
A
Non-Cooperative Theory of Quantity-Rationing International Transfrontier
Pollution |
| 144 |
Pami
Dua Partha Sen |
Capital
Flow Volatility and Exchange Rates: The case of India |
| 145 |
Uday
Bhanu Sinha |
On
R&D Information Sharing and Merger |
| 146 |
Pami
Dua Anirvan Banerji |
Business
Cycles in India |
| 147 |
Sudhir
A. Shah |
On
the Optimal Coordination of Uninformed Agents by an Informed Principal |
| 148 |
Siva
Athreya Rohini Somanathan |
Quantifying
Spatial Misallocation in Centrally Provided Public Goods |
| 149 |
Sudhir
A. Shah |
Comparative
Risk Aversion When The Outcomes Are Vectors |
| 150 |
Ram
Singh |
On
the Existence and Efficiency of Equilibria under Liability Rules |
| 151 |
K.
Sundaram |
On
Backwardness And Fair Access ToHigher Education In India: Some ResultsFrom
Nss 55th Round Surveys 1999-2000 |
| 152 |
A.Banerji Gauri Khanna J.V. Meenakshi |
Markets,
Institutions And Efficiency: Groundwater Irrigation In North India |
| 153 |
Arti
Grover |
The
Role Of Technological Complexity And Absorptive Capacity In Internalization
Decision |
| 154 |
Isha
Dewan Rohini Somanathan |
Poverty
Targeting In Public Programs: A Comparison Of Some Nonparametric Tests
And Their Application To Indian Microfinance |
| 155 |
K.
Sundaram |
Employment
And Poverty In India: 2000-2005 |
| 156 |
Pami
Dua Anirvan Banerji |
Predicting
Indian Business Cycles: Leading Indices for External and Domestic Sectors
|
| 157 |
Partha
Sen |
CAPITAL
INFLOWS, FINANCIAL REPRESSION AND MACROECONOMIC POLICY IN INDIA SINCE
THE REFORMS |
| 158 |
Pami
Dua Arunima Sinha |
East
Asian Crisis and Currency Pressure: The Case of India |
| 159 |
Partha
Sen Emily T. Cremers |
The
Transfer Paradox in a One-Sector Overlapping Generations Model |
| 160 |
Sudhir
A. Shah |
Duality
mappings for the theory of risk aversion with vector outcome |
| 161 |
Sudhir
A. Shah |
Dual
representation of strongly monotonic utiltity functions |
162 |
Pami
Dua Lokendra Kumawat |
Modelling
Seasonal Dynamics in Indian Industrial Production: An Extention of TV-STAR
Model |
163 |
K.
Sundaram |
Fair
access to higher education re-visited: Some results for social and religious groups from nss 61st round employment unemployment survey, 2004-05 |
164 |
Ram
Singh |
Risk,
Informational Asymmetry and Product Liability: An enquiry into conflicting
objectives |
165 |
K.
Sundaram |
Employment,
Wages and Poverty in the Organized and the Unorganized Segments of the
Non-Agricultural Sector in India: All-India, 2000-2005 (March, 2008) |
166 |
Sunil
Kanwar |
Intellectual
Property Protection and Technology Transfer Evidence From US Multinationals |
167 |
Anirban
Kar Gustavo Bergantiños |
OBLIGATION
RULES |
168 |
Bhaskar
Dutta Lars Ehlers Anirban Kar |
EXTERNALITIES,
POTENTIAL, VALUE AND CONSISTENCY |
169 |
Rohini
Somanathan |
THE
DEMAND FOR DISADVANTAGE |
170 |
Angus
Deaton Jean Dreze |
NUTRITION
IN INDIA: FACTS AND INTERPRETATIONS |
171 |
Partha
Sen |
FIXED
COSTS, THE BALANCED-BUDGET MULTIPLIER AND WELFARE |